How should we live

Introduction As a consequence of global warming and human activity, some countries across the world are likely to encounter high river water levels in the nearest future. There also going to be increased levels of river degradation and in the present day, river degradation is a significant issue of natural resource management that is facing such a country as Australia (Brierley, et al, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on How should we live? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In relation to the issue of high river water levels, Samuels et al (2006) point out that, rather than fighting and engaging in the control of flood hazards â€Å"with ever higher dikes, new management styles focus on understanding and managing flood risk† (Samuels, 2006, p.142). Taking the case of the Netherlands, for instance, there is embodying of this policy approach by a national policy referred to as â€Å"Room for River† (De Groot, 2010). The objective of this national policy is to ensure creation of additional space for water storage and this is carried out by engaging in relocating dikes â€Å"land inwards or constructing side channels† (De Groot, 2010, p.89). In an effort to ensure combining of a bigger discharge capacity with other functions, in most cases, go together with recreation, nature conservation and river restoration (Van Stokkom, 2005). There has been well documentation of public support for â€Å"Room for River† policies and this support is found out to be high. To this overall finding, it has been pointed out that public support to specific â€Å"Room for River† measures may not be higher, like in the case when these involve removing trees (De Groot de Groot, 2009). The special interest in this paper is to gain insight into the factors which may give an explanation to the level of people in adhering to â€Å"Room for River policy†. The question that com es is; does the adherence that people have correlate with their general ethics on nature, with the way they utilize the river, their good judgment of place, with their age, or with no any of these? Within this scope of factors, the special interest in the paper will lie in people’s ethics with nature. Is what people believe about the suitable relationship between humans and nature give a reflection in the opinions they have on more solid policies such as Room for River?Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this paper, there is going to be an assessment of where levels of adherence to river management styles resonate with public environmental ethics and the paper will reflect on the Australian situation. Human/Nature relationships and river meanings The human/nature relationship images are a portion of wider â€Å"visions of nature† concepts as given descriptio n to by Van den Born et al (2001). These researchers give a distinction between three components. The first component is images of nature, the second is nature values and the third is images of relationship. All these components give a reflection of the issues which are subject to debate that has been held by the environmental ethicists. Therefore, as Van de Born (2008) point out, the empirical study about the visions of nature that the lay people have can be referred to as empirical philosophy. A large number of philosophers call these â€Å"basic attitudes† (Zweers, 2000) or â€Å"world views† (Norton, 1991).Such views do not essentially need to be a well developed philosophy, they can as well be several assumptions that â€Å"the respondents hardly ever recognize or think about† (Norton, 1991, p.20). The human/nature relationship images are formed on the basis of the philosophical categorization in to the â€Å"Mastery over nature, Stewardship of nature, par tnership with nature and Participation in nature† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). Considering â€Å"Mastery over nature†, people stand above nature and they may utilize in the way they like, unfettered by ethical chains. Looking at â€Å"Stewardship of nature†, people are charged with the responsibility to care for nature towards the generations to come or God. Even if this image â€Å"is less anthropocentric, Stewardship resembles the Master in the positioning of human beings above nature† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). Looking at â€Å"Partnership with nature’, this is considered as a metaphor for a relationship that is equal between nature and the human beings; they operate jointly in a dynamic process of mutual development. It is pointed out that â€Å"in the most ecopocentric image, Participation in nature, human beings are part of nature in the sense that the connectedness with nature gives meaning to the Participant’s life† (De Groot, 2010, p .91).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on How should we live? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The studies that were previously conducted on â€Å"Visions of Nature† were based on open ended as well as structured interviews and the Human Nature Scale indicates that the Dutch do discard â€Å"Mastery over Nature† and accept â€Å"Stewardship over Nature† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). However, this Stewardship becomes a different variant from the traditional variant; rather than putting human beings above nature; the respondents engage in adhering to a Steward that is a portion of nature. They seem to undertake combination of â€Å"Participation with Stewardship† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). It is pointed out that even if the interviews conducted in Canada by De Groot and Van de Born (2003) made confirmation of such findings, still much has not been known regarding the images people have of relations hip in the rest of the Western World (De Groot, 2010). When looking for other studies in this field of empirical work presented by some environmental ethicists, you find such studies conducted by people like Norton (1991), Minteer and Mannings (1999) and Berghofer et al (2008) and all of them indicate that basically â€Å"Nature-friendly ethics prevail among the Western population† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). The most well-known is the â€Å"New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) presented which undertakes the measurement of the ecological worldviews (De Groot de Groot, 2009). Even if the extensive utilization of this scale has offered much insight in to the ecological beliefs across the world, this scale basically draws out levels of anthropocentricism, â€Å"ranging from Mastery to Stewardship† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). The respondents can just engage in agreeing or disagreeing to this representation that is not wide of environmental ethics with no whichever differentiation in th e ecocentric alternatives. This is quite a big deficit when putting into consideration the ecocentric ethics as drawn out in earlier Human Nature studies and the â€Å"generally high scores on intrinsic value statements† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). The other scale is the â€Å"Connectedness to Nature Scale† presented by Mayer and Frantz (2004). The focus of this scale is more on ecocentric end of the spectrum. Even if their statements match with the experiences and affections in nature to a large extent which makes up a central theme in the ecocentric relationships, this scale is not used in measuring the environmental ethics.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A study which takes both ends of the spectrum in to account is the one that was conducted by Thomson and Barton (1994) into ecocentrism and anthropocentrism. These researchers point out that â€Å"to ecocentrics nature has a spiritual dimension and intrinsic value that is reflected in their experiences in nature and feelings about natural settings† (Thomson and Barton, 1994, p.149). They engage in combining images of nature and values to capture a worldview concerning the position of human beings in nature. In such sense, the study conducted by Thompson and Barton (1994) can be considered as the â€Å"forerunner of HaN-scale studies† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). Besides ecocentrism and anthropocentricism, the HaN-scale as well fills in the â€Å"middle ground† between both ends by drawing out â€Å"Stewardship of nature† and â€Å"Partnership with nature† (De Groot, 2010). Other than the images of relationship, there can be expectation of large number o f other factors to undertake prediction and explanation of the adherences to flood risk management. In looking for variables that are supposed to be considered, the interpretative exploration carried out by Davenport and Anderson (2005) became an important base because of the inductive character it has. On the basis of semi-structured interviews, these researchers draw a distinction between four meanings which the members of the community members in Nebraska attribute to the Niobrara River, that is â€Å"a river as sustenance, as nature, as tonic and as identity† (Davenport and Anderson, 2005, p.625). Considering â€Å"River as sustenance†, this ascertains the river as being a source of water that greatly is coveted and scarce and as economic revenue. Considering â€Å"River as a tonic†, this suggests the river as being â€Å"good for mind, body and soul† (De Groot, 2010, p.92). On the other hand, â€Å"River as nature† gives expression of the appr eciation of the respondents for the ecology and ‘river as identity’ ties the river to the sense of people of who they are. In an effort to undertake adaption of these four river meanings to the North Western European situation, â€Å"’river as sustenance’ was dropped because previous interviews suggested that this aspect of the river played a minor role in the personal lives of river residents† (De Groot, 2010, p.92). They rarely lingered over the reliance they have on the river for water supply or over the economic activities that are linked to the river. In connection to the study conducted by Buijs (2009) as well as that conducted by De Groot and De Groot (2009), there was inclusion of questions instead and this was for the reason of its noticeable relatedness to river management. The river meanings presented by Davenport and Anderson are a product of â€Å"Grounded theory† approach which began from â€Å"Sense of Place† theories (D e Groot, 2010). This implies that the meanings â€Å"river as nature† as well as â€Å"river as tonic† do not have a theoretical grounding. In order to undertake expression of the theoretical background in a better way, De Groot (2010) made a decision to give names to meanings basing on the theories that were used; â€Å"Sense of Place†, â€Å"Leisure experiences† and â€Å"Visions of Nature† (De Groot, 2010, p.92). Sense of Place, Leisure experiences and Visions of Nature The measurement of leisure experiences were carried out on the basis of the topology of Elands and Lengkeek (2000). The leisure experiences are considered as â€Å"a confrontation with out-other-ness, a play with what is masked in everyday life† (De Groot, 2010, p.93). Typology can be viewed as a continuum which runs â€Å"from experience in which the difference between out-other-ness and everyday is rather small† to those where the ‘other’ is rather un known and inaccessible† (De Groot, 2010, p.93). Because both river management styles bring about a different landscape and hence different opportunities for particular leisure experiences, there is expectation of this topology to correlate with the adherence to the styles of management. Moreover, the â€Å"Sense of Place† or â€Å"SOP† is a portion of the literature that is fragmented on human beings and spatial settings consisting of other concepts like place meaning, place attachment and place identity. Even if a large number of scholars engaged in studying the attachment to the urban environment, among these, there are those that engage in studying a more rural setting, in an outdoor recreation setting, or a river (De Groot, 2010). The indicators that are utilized in the industry are on the basis of the â€Å"Sense of Place-scale† presented by Jorgensen and Stedman (2001) that gave a definition of the Sense of Place as â€Å"the meaning attached to spa tial setting by a person or group (Jorgensen and Stedman, 2001, p.233). They carry out the measurement of the â€Å"Sense of Place† in three dimensions which are; identity, attachment and dependence. It is important to note that â€Å"sense of Place† overlaps partially with leisure experiences. As on one hand strong attachment to a place is clearly the basis of dedication, on the other hand, the other experiences can be considered as being more â€Å"moderate or very light forms of Sense of Place† (De Groot, 2010, p.93). Basing on the study that was undertaken by Buijs (2009), there is expectation of Sense of Place to correlate in a negative way with the adherences to â€Å"Room for River† and this is for the reason that this measure impacts more â€Å"on the identity of the riverine place† (De Groot, 2010, p.93). In addition, the preceding experience with flooding, â€Å"the likelihood of having one’s house flooded and the safety perceptio n are expected to influence the adherence to flood risk management† (De Groot, 2010, p.93). Making discovery of this correlation directly is easy after the occurrence of a flood; this is for the reason that, in situations like these, reinforcement support of dikes among the affected residents is high in general. However, the studies conducted previously on the subject of risk perceptions of river floods indicate that the risk perception of the public is usually low and mostly in the Netherlands (De Groot, 2010). Management Styles Going towards the interrelationships that exist between the â€Å"public environmental ethics as well as adherences to the management styles, it is realized that there is a correlation between Mastery and dike reinforcement and on the other hand, a correlation exists between Guardianship and the sustainable style. This matches with the hypothesis that is made which give a presumption that the two management styles are formed on the basis of a differe nt ethic. Basing on what is held by the public, a fundamental change occurs within a flood risk management at a time of having a shift from one style to the other style. It is also pointed out that no Prediction is made by image of Participation of any style and on the hand; the image of Partner has a negative correlation with dike reinforcement. This gives room for having another hypothesis that makes a presumption that environmental ethics are not quite significant in carrying out the prediction of the public adherence to policy. It is stated in this hypothesis by Norton (1991) that â€Å"weak anthropocentrists can reach the same policy objective as the ecocentrics† (Norton, 1991, p.20). Basing on theory, more ecocentric river policies are very imaginable. However, it may here have been that the descriptions given to the two management styles â€Å"do not relate readily enough to the wordings of Partnership and Participation items† (De Groot, 2010, p.105). For carryi ng out the interpretation of such conclusions, it is imperative to take into consideration the low explanatory power of the two regression analyses. In addition, the ethics of the public are among the several variable that carry out the prediction of the adherence to each style of river management; like â€Å"recreation experiences, the place of the residence and the age of the respondents† (De Groot, 2010, p.105). Considering the case of Australia, river degradation is a significant issue of natural resource management that is currently facing Australia. For instance, it was found out that about eighty five percent of the river length that was assessed by the â€Å"National Land and Water Resources Audit† was affected by catchment disturbance. Moreover, it was found out that more than 50 percent of the rivers that were assessed are affected by the changes to riverine habitat (Brierley, et al, 2002). Under normal circumstances, the work of catchment rehabilitation in t his country has been carried out by the community groups having limited skills as well as resources in regard to priority are identification fro rehabilitation investment The resources for the work of river rehabilitation are limited and there are competing demands for these resources (Brierley, et al, 2002). There is need to have tools in order for them to help in making decisions on which area to undertake application of resources and effort to realize the highest effectiveness in regard to river rehabilitation. The â€Å"River styles† was set up out of a â€Å"Land Water Australia funded project carried out by Macquarie University in response to the need for a framework that linked reliable knowledge of the nature of different river types and biophysical attributes within catchments† (Brierley, et al, 2002, p.91). â€Å"River Styles† offers a biophysical template for river management which is directly suited to â€Å"structure and function of the Australia Rivers† (Brierley, et al, 2002, p.91). It offers a â€Å"baseline geomorphic assessment of river character, behavior and condition, and is based on the premise that effective management strategies must ‘work with nature’† (Brierley, et al, 2002, p.92). Conclusion In conclusion it can be pointed out that; it has been realized that following climate change that has brought about the problem of global warming, the countries in several parts of the world have a likelihood of being faced with extremely high river water levels in the shortest time to come. Moreover, sustainability comes up as a main international policy driver, bringing in different approach to flood defense. It has been found out that, instead of fighting and engaging in the control of flood hazards with ever higher dikes, the focus of the new management styles is put on having knowledge about and managing the risk of posed by floods. In the Netherlands, there has been well documentation of publ ic support for â€Å"Room for River† policies and this support is found out to be high. To this overall finding, it has been pointed out that public support to specific â€Å"Room for River† measures may not be higher, like in the case when these involve removing trees For the reason that the more ecocentric images of the relationship such as Participation and Partnership are as well well-liked among people, the river managers have a concrete basis in attempting to ensure incorporation of more ecocentric values in their long-standing policies and move beyond comparatively incremental and technical room for river policies that prevail at present day. Explorations like these ones are supposed to be carried out in a way which ensures inclusion of the civilians from the very start in order for the parties to jointly engage in learning from one another in a process that is open. It is important for us as individuals in engage in fruitful activities that can help as to effec tively deal with the environmental problems that come up. It is important for us to emulate what others are doing elsewhere to be able to apply it in our own context. The problems of river flooding and river degradation are facing several countries across the world, Australia being among them. Since these problems are predicted to intensify in the near future, it is important that appropriate measures be taken urgently in order to curb the situation. References Berghofer, U., Rozzi, R. Jax, K., 2008, ‘Local versus Global Knowledge: Diverse Perspectives on Nature in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve’, Environmental Ethics Vol.30, pp. 273-294. Brierley, G., Fryirs, K., Outhet, D. Massey, C.,2002, Application of the River Styles framework as a basis for river management in New South Wales, Australia. Applied Geography, vo.22,no.1, pp.91–122. Buijs, A. E., 2009. ‘Public support for river restoration. A mixed-method study into local residents support for and fra ming of river management and ecological restoration in the Dutch floodplains’ Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 90, pp.2680-2689. Davenport, A. D. H. Anderson, 2005, ‘Getting from Sense of Place to Place-Based Management; An Interpretive Investigation of Place Meanings and Perceptions of Landscape Change’, Society and Natural Resources, vol. 18, pp.625-641. De Groot, M., 2010, Humans and nature: public visions on their interrelationship, Academic press, New York. De Groot, M. W. T. De Groot, 2009, ‘Room for River’ measures and public visions in the Netherlands: A survey on river perceptions among riverside residents’, Water Resources Research 45. De Groot, W. T. R. J. G. Van den Born, 2003, ‘Visions of Nature and landscape type preferences: an exploration in the Netherlands’ Landscape and Urban planning, Vol. 63, pp. 127-138. Elands, B. J. Lengkeek, 2000, Typical Tourists: Research into the theoretical and methodological f oundations of a typology of tourism and recreation experiences. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden,. Jorgensen, B. S. R. C. Stedman, 2001, ‘Sense of Place as an Attitude: Lakeshore Owners Attitudes toward their Properties’ Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol.2, pp. 233-248. Mayer, F. S. C. Frantz, 2004, ‘The Connectedness to Nature Scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature’, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 24, pp. 503-515. Minteer, B. A. R. E. Manning, 1999, ‘Pragmatism in Environmental Ethics: Democracy, Pluralism, and the Management of Nature’ Environmental Ethics, vol. 21, no.2, pp.191-208. Norton, B. G., 1991, Toward Unity among Environmentalists, Oxford University Press,. Oxford. Samuels, P., F. Klijn J. Dijkman, 2006, ‘An analysis of the current practice of policies on river flood risk management in different countries’, Irrigation and drainage, Vol.5, pp. 141-150. Thompson, S. C. M . A. Barton, 1994, ‘Ecocentric and Anthropocentric Attitudes toward the Environment’, Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 14, pp. 149-157. Van den Born, R. J. G., 2008, ‘Rethinking Nature: Visions of Nature of a Dutch public’, Environmental Values, Vol. 17, No.1, pp. 83-110. Van Stokkom, H. T. C., 2005, ‘Flood Defense in The Netherlands. A new Era, a New Approach’, Water International, Vol. 30 no.1, pp. 76-87. Zweers, W., 2000, Participating with nature. Outline for an Ecologization of our Worldview, International books, Utrecht. This report on How should we live? was written and submitted by user Adam D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Ulysses Grant Biography - 18th U.S. President

Ulysses Grant Biography - 18th U.S. President Ulysses Grants Childhood and Education Grant was born on April 27, 1822 in Point Pleasant, Ohio. He was raised in Georgetown, Ohio. He grew up on a farm. He went to local schools before attending the Presbyterian Academy and then being appointed to West Point. He was not necessarily the best student though he was good at math. When he graduated, he was placed in the infantry. Family Ties Grant was the son of Jesse Root Grant, a  tanner and merchant along with a strict abolitionist. His mother was  Hannah Simpson Grant. He had three sisters and two brothers.   On August 22, 1848, Grant married Julia Boggs Dent, the daughter of a St. Louis merchant and slaveholder.  The fact that her family owned slaves was a point of contention for Grants parents. Together they had three sons and one daughter: Frederick Dent, Ulysses Jr., Ellen, and Jesse Root Grant.   Ulysses Grants Military Career When Grant was graduated from West Point, he was stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. In 1846, America went to war with Mexico. Grant served with General Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. By the end of the war he was promoted to first lieutenant. He continued his military service  until 1854 when he resigned and tried farming. He had a hard time and eventually had to sell his farm. He did not rejoin the military until 1861 with the outbreak of the Civil War. U.S. Civil War At the beginning of the Civil War, Grant rejoined the military as a colonel of the 21st Illinois Infantry. He captured Fort Donelson, Tennessee in February 1862 which was the first major Union victory. He was promoted to major general. He had other victories at Vicksburg, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge. In March 1864, he was made the commander of all Union forces. He accepted Lees surrender at Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865. After the war, he served as Secretary of War (1867-68). Nomination and Election Grant was unanimously nominated by the Republicans in 1868. The Republicans supported black suffrage in the south and a less lenient form of reconstruction than that espoused by Andrew Johnson. Grant was opposed by Democrat Horatio Seymour. In the end, Grant received 53% of the popular vote and 72% of the electoral vote. In 1872, Grant was easily renominated and won over Horace Greeley despite the many scandals that occurred during his administration. Events and Accomplishments of Ulysses Grants Presidency The largest issue of Grants presidency was  Reconstruction. He continued occupying the South with federal troops. His administration fought against states who denied blacks the right to vote. In 1870, the  fifteenth amendment  was passed providing that no one could be denied the right to vote based on race. Further in 1875, the  Civil Rights Act  was passed which ensured that African Americans would have the same right to use inns, transportation, and theaters among other things. However, the law was ruled unconstitutional in 1883. In 1873, an  economic depression  occurred that lasted five years. Many were unemployed, and many businesses failed. Grants administration was marked by five major scandals. Black Friday  - September 24, 1869. Two speculators,  Jay Gould  and  James Fisk, tried to buy up enough gold to corner the gold market while keeping Grant from dumping federal gold on the market. They drove up the price of gold quickly before Grant realized what was going on and was able to add enough gold onto the market to bring the price down. However, many investors and businesses were ruined because of this.Credit Mobilier - 1872. In order to cover up stealing money from the Union Pacific Railroad, officers of the Credit Mobilier company sold stocks cheaply to members of Congress.Grants Secretary of the Treasury, William A. Richardson gave special agent John D. Sanborn the job of collecting delinquent taxes allowing Sanborn to keep 50% of what he collected.Whiskey Ring - 1875. Many distillers and federal agents were keeping money that was being paid as liquor taxes. Grant called for punishment but protected his own personal secretary.Belknap Bribery - 1876. Grants Secre tary of War, W. W. Belknap was taking money from traders selling at Indian posts. However, through all of this, Grant still was able to get renominated and reelected to the presidency. Post-Presidential Period After Grant retired from the presidency, he and his wife traveled throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. He then retired to Illinois in 1880. He helped his son by borrowing money to set him up with a friend named Ferdinand Ward in a brokerage firm. When they went bankrupt, Grant lost all his money. He ended up writing his memoirs for money to help his wife before he died on July 23, 1885. Historical Significance Grant is considered to be one of the worst presidents in Americas history. His time in office was marked by major scandals, and therefore he was not able to accomplish much during his two terms in office.

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 31

Business - Essay Example It is evident that a lot of companies are planning to or offering telecommuting services to their employees. Drastic weather conditions are among factors that are pushing companies to offer telecommuting. Employees in Washington saved the government a large sum of money by working from home during official snow days. This is according to research done by Global Workplace Analytics. According to Lister, â€Å"Telecommuting is the only way companies will know how to build work places and design work practices and decide what technology is needed for support† (Tugend). Today, telecommuting is not limited to one sector of the population but men, women, young, old, parents, and non parents all participate. The article states that individuals who work from home tend to be more productive and put in more working hours. It is however important for an employee to combine both working at home and from the office, since working from home alone my affect promotion chances. Telecommuting has grown drastically and a lot of individual are full time employees working from home. On average, the article states that the number of Americans working outside the office is as high as thirty percent of the population (Tugend). Telecommuting is helping companies reduce office spaces but still a large number of individuals would prefer to combine both working at home and from the office. The second article â€Å"Working Productively as a Telecommuter† outlines tips on how to become a successful telecommuter. For a lot of people, the idea of telecommuting is working from the comfort of your home in pajamas without the rush of the office. The article however states that this is not a healthy notion and is destined to failure for any individual telecommuting. Even if working from home an individual needs to take is serious. One should be focused and work hard just as if he was his own boss (Garone). The article gives tips on how to be successful in telecommuting. For first time

Ethics in medical research case studies Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethics in medical case studies - Research Paper Example Believing that the procedure would succeed, the researchers strongly stand on their ground that no consent from patients was necessary (Johnmueller.org, 2010). Three years after the incident and after a year of probation of the researchers involved in the incident, one of them was elected president of the American Association for Cancer Research (Johnmueller.org, 2010). The proponent of this paper tries to assess the issues involved in the above case, how they were handled and might have been handled differently. Below are some of the ethical issues involved in the above case. Oral consent but no documentation The researchers were able to point out that oral consents were made but there was no documentation involved due to some certain reasons. This made it clear that the entire research was a one-sided approach which strongly emphasized only the main objectives of the researchers, without taking into account the rights of the respondents. Rules or guidelines on what is right and app ropriate conduct are all incorporated in ethics (Rumrill, Cook, & Wiley, 2011). Thus, there should be appropriate way to conduct research among the chosen respondents especially in medical research. Research involving human subjects includes legal and ethical considerations which primarily include human subjects’ protection, protection of privacy and the disclosure of risks involved (Kulynych, 2002). Furthermore, since 1980s epidemiologists and physicians adhered to the importance of informed consent in certain investigations (Regidor, 2004). In the case of Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital, researchers strongly argued that they were able to inform the respondents through oral consent due to certain reasons. One reason is that the respondents were indigent, which means it would be appropriate to explain everything to them in an oral approach. However, the case of Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital did not only include ethical considerations, but tied in it was legal accountability of the researchers. These two seemed to be integrated in the case of Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital and the researchers involved. Citing the significance of informed consent, the researchers were able to do at least somewhere in the right thing, but the problem in this approach is the lack of showing some documents to prove that indeed there were oral consents made on the part between the respondents and the researchers. Oral consent was appropriate at some point knowing that it still belongs to the category of informed consent. However, there still something lacking in it in the case of therapeutic research where there seems to some remarkable risks involved. Consent should be highly documented in this case so whatever may happen, there would be some legal basis that will point out to adherence to the ethical standards. Custom to perform dangerous medical procedures without consent As stated earlier, in medical research, the respondents have the right to express their consent in certain research investigations. This is considered to be sound and ethical especially if it has to be applied in the case of Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital. However, the said hospital had certain customary procedure that in the event of performing dangerous medical procedures, consent from patients or respondents will not be necessary because it can be waved. In fact, this is supported by some legal and ethical standard that at some point, the

The Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Criminal Justice System - Essay Example Two main models that are used to determine which acts are crimes by society are the consensus model and the conflict model (Farmer 2008). According to the former, criminal behaviour is any act that is in conflict with the beliefs and values of the whole society. This model holds the assumption that as diverse as people and communities are, they can have similar morals. On its part, the conflict model holds that criminal law is determined by those people who hold social, political, and economic power within a given community. One of the theories that apply to crime is the rational choice theory. Also called the decision theory, this theory suggests that humans commit crimes because they serve the interests of the actors or rather bring more benefit as opposed to harm to them. This theory is based on the assumption that the criminal commits crime because they experience a constraint in choice. In this respect, the theory argues that to deter crime effectively, the cost of crime should be set so high that every reasonable person will shun it. The Government Structure As It Applies To the Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system comprises a collection of local, state and federal (public) agencies that are dedicated to dealing with crime (Randolph, 2005). In many cases, the decision of one agency affects the decisions of other agencies in matters related to crime.

Today The Worlds Becoming More Interconnected Information Technology Essay

Today The Worlds Becoming More Interconnected Information Technology Essay This dissertation will evaluate the network security issues, its current situation, existing network policies, key network security factors and challenges in SMB, and aims to propose the recommendations for improving the current policies and procedures to reduce or alleviate the impact of the security risk. The research plan includes survey, primary and secondary data collection on studying network security aspects. Background of the study Today the world becoming more interconnected than it was few years ago and the reason is fast growing network technologies and Internet. Nowadays it is almost impossible imagine world without Internet and network. As the speed is increasing the security issues related to the network security going up as well. If in early years we had minor threats and worries about the vulnerability and protection of our data in the internal and external network in a small business nowadays we should take care more than it was. About 10-15 years ago there was not even a sign that the technology will grow so fast. As an example the speed of Local Area Network will change from 10 M/bits to 1G/bit, the wireless technology such as Wi-Fi and WiMAX will come up, the mobile network technology will evaluate and could reach the speed when everyone can watch a movie in HD format. Fast and reliable network has born other new problems and concerns how to keep the internal data secure and not to be compromised (Richardson, 2008). Every technology and invention has another side as well such as security aspect. Network security has huge importance as the intellectual property and security data can be acquired easily through Internet if the organization has not any information and security policy. From what was said above we can define the Network security as: The combinations of policies and procedures and countermeasure acts implemented to avoid and keep track of exploitation, destruction, disclosure and well-implemented policies for blocking viruses, hackers from the accessing or changing secure information. Purpose and significance of the research area The pace of network technologies has risen and the hazards and threats, hackers attacks (Christian S. FÃ ¶tinger, Wolfgang Ziegler , 2005) to the business on the rise as well. With this speed we need to be aware and prepare network security policies and procedures in order to be ready to face any possible attacks, attempts to destroy, obtain or change any data being held by the business. The main purpose of this research is to define the awareness of network security and its effect to the small business by the employees, find out the current security policies and procedures and help to improve it and alleviate existing problems. Also this document will provide to small business owners and employees with a better understanding of network security and make recommendations to understanding and acknowledging the threats. Statement of the problem Statement of the Problem For a ordinary PC user the impact of virus attack or security breaches can be much less that if it had a place in an organization. The PC is generally just a single entity and any network security breaks impact is not distributed beyond that PC. But if it was in an organization premises it could have more serious impact not only on that particular work station also it could be spread among the organization as well. The most companies there are often consist of a number of different systems, different type of information, terminals for processing customers data, servers (Knapp, 2011). Having such a complex structure has determined multiple points of entry and source of vulnerability which can be used by hackers, viruses and who has any intention for espionage or attacks. Internet connection adding additional problems to maintain small business network environment secure and safe. The business use e-mail and Internet to communicate inside and outside the organisation. This poses other secure issues like spreading computer viruses and provided an additional opportunity for the hackers, which can easily enter an organization network and wreak havoc on total intranet. By growing the pace of online business the network security has become significantly important and costly to be ignored. Another problems are that most computer users have not enough knowledges about computer and network security (Kenneth C. Laudon, Jane P.Laudon, 2012). It might be result of lack of network policy of the organization or even not existence such a policy. Another problem is most of small business has limited fund to keep their own IT specialist or to have some IT companies on the side. All these problems stated above have impact on the business securities and can reduce companys ability to ensure confidentiality, authenticity and data integrity. Main research question and Sub questions Main research question: What are the key aspects and impact of the current network security policy of small and mid enterprise and what recommendation could be made to make the policy effective? Sub questions What are key defining factors of a Network security? What are key defining factors of a Network security for SME? What are challenges in Network Security? What recommendations to SME? What recommendations to any general SMEs? Plan of work 1. Written project proposal (draft) 18th January 2013 2. Written project proposal (final) 25th January 2013 3. Information and data collection 2nd February 2013 4. Analysis of the information collected 9th February 2013 5. Final writing of the dissertation February 2013 6. Submission Before deadline March 2013 Chapter summary Network security has become an essential need for any organization. The security issues and threats are increasing everyday and making high speed broadband weather wired or wireless insecure and less reliable. Working out the weak sides of the network security and improving the security policy and procedures are most important things towards which every owner or manager of small business must pay their attention (Spivey, 2007). This dissertation aims to help a small business to improve or alleviate that burden and network issues what they face in everyday base. Chapter 2. Preliminary literature review Chapter introduction This chapter will provide the collection of information and critical literature review which was collected and examined for the purpose of the study. Information mostly related to the network security issues and to the main and sub-questions question of this dissertation. The review gathered information regarding past and current network security management issues and highlighted nowadays security trends in wired and wireless network. Background of the Network security The computer security problem has the same age as the computer itself. Even in early 1950s the necessity of proper hardware-based protection already recognized. ( Karl Maria Michael de Leeuw, Jan Bergsta, 2007). But that was a time when everything could be controlled physically and have not had that complexity. Later the Internet took a birth on 1969 by Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANet) which was accredited by USA Department of Defence (DoD). ARPANet was successful from the beginning and in two years it had 15 nodes (23 hosts) and the e-mail application was invented. Despite of the fact that originally it was designed for the research purposes and was aimed to allow scientist to share their data and access remote computers, electronic mail quickly becomes one of the most popular application. This gives for ARPANet to become a high-speed digital office of that time, where people could collaborate on their research projects and have a discussion various interests and t opics. On October 1972 the International Conference on Computer Communications at the Washington DC formed International Network Working Group (INWG) which main role was to identify the needs for a combined effort in advancing networking technologies and Vinton Cerf appointed first Chairman who becomes known as Father of the internet (Hobbes, 2012). In 1982 the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) TCP/IP, as the protocol suite, were established for ARPANET and it was first time when all computers in the network were presented as a collection of networks or Internet. Shortly in 1984 as the number of hosts becomes more than 1,000 it becomes more complicated to remember each host address. Therefore the Domain Name Service (DNS) was presented the main purpose of which was to translate the numeric computer addresses presented as173.194.34.132 into understandable host name www.google.com. In 20 years the number of Internet hosts broke 1,000,000 and in this time period the Internet users already have faced with accidentally-propagated status-message virus in 1980, Internet worm which has affected ~6,000 of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet in 1988, and presented many different network protocols such as DNS, DHCP, UUCP, NNTP. It also have connected the Europe and North and South America continents (Hobbes, 2012 ). Starting from 1990s the Internet becomes available to the public. The main reason the World Wide Web (WWW) protocol was introduced and become more popular. First Internet browsers Netscape and Microsoft were competing by that time. Since then the Internet has become the source of threats for network security and any business network face constant threats from various types of viruses, worms, malware and spyware software and more. Design and achieving plans and network policies for network security for small business requires big effort to protect the business from these threats. Although numbers of studies were carried and information security law in operation we still facing new threats and it cannot be overcome by single and simple action. Below the key defining factors, challenges and main security factors will be reviewed. Key defining factors for Network security Regarding the key factors of network security different sources has controversial and different opinions and views. Depends on the place and auditorium where the survey was conducted this factors are different. The information security breaches survey in UK conducted by PwC with association InfoSecurity Europe, Reed Exhibitions and BIS in April 2012 find out interesting facts. According to this survey report up to 76% of small business had security breaches, 54% of small business dont have any plans or programme for improving or educating their staff about the security risks. The same time controls are not keeping same pace with business changes and most of SMBs (56%) did not carry out and checked their external providers security and just relaying on contracts. The same time 52% of SMB depends on social networking sites. The tendency to move towards mobile technology poses another risk and threats. As this is nowadays requirement almost 34% of SMB allows mobile devices to connect to their systems without insuring or mitigating the security risks. More than half (58%) SMBs in the UK even not trying to evaluate the network security effectiveness. Another key factor was the staff network security awareness. Nearly 45% of the staff were not informed or had lack or small information. (PwC, Infosecurity Europe, Reed Exhibitions, BIS, 2012). Almost the same percentage (48%) the network security awareness have resulted another survey which was conducted by GFI Software (GFI, 2007) Everything what was said above has relation only to the additional factors which can improve and help to build robust and secure network. Except that we should take in our account other key factors which might bring more tangible and intangible harms to SMB.

Free-Will Defense Essay -- essays research papers

Free-Will Defense   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Free Will Defense is an attempted solution to the problem of moral evil. Human beings are gifted with free will by God as a condition for genuine morality, trust, love, and the like, though it also makes possible the introduction of moral evil into the world. There are various questions that are asked with the question of God. Many ask questions like- why did God give humans the ability of free will knowing that they will abuse it? Is free will a condition for real humanhood? Could God have made us free and unable to sin? These questions that are frequently asked are left unanswered. People believe all different things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Bible, the first humans made were Adam and Eve, and God gave them free will. Adam and Eve abused their free will, so sin made its way into the world. Everyone after Adam and Eve has inherited the effects of the Fall, including a loss of free will. At least with the first human beings free will was a condition of real human good, though it also meant the possibility of sin. Leaving the question of Adam and Eve’s fall and its consequences for their descendants, this view is basically what is currently called the Free-Will Defense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An American Philosopher Alvin Platinga also believes in the idea. He says how there may be a different kind of good that God cannot bring to us without permitting evil. If there is no evil, then how can good be deter...