Women s Dress And Dress - 2207 Words

Introduction France in the 18th witnessed a huge modification in the aesthetic standard in dress for women, whether in terms of material, style and appearance (Rothstein, 1999: 2). French fashion had successively experienced several distinctive stages. For instance, Rococo (luxury court-style showing femininity, slimness and mannerism) was in stark contrast to the Baroque (characteristic with dignity and elegance). However, since the 1870s, the Enlightenment and the French Evolution had exerted a profound effect on the women’s dress in France. In this way, this essay intends to review the development of women’s dress and draw a contrast with the English dress within the same era. Critical Review of Sources Generally speaking, French fashion was in ascendency throughout the Europe, which received extensive attention about all respects concerning French women’s dress and French fashion. The robe volante in the 1730s well displayed the overall loose shape, which, however, failed to represent the most distinctive feature of the huge flounce as well as pleats on the back. Moreover, the understructure was also not clearly shown and introduced. The Mantua in 1708 well displayed the design, materials, colours and patterns, which corresponded to the dress at that time. However, the colourful silk and well as other design details made it seem more likely to be the characteristics of the Rococo. The Robe a la francaise in from 1775-1800 showed the changes in women’s dressShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Gendered Clothing On Women s Dress1628 Words   |  7 PagesPower in Gendered Clothing Every day, we wake up, and we dress ourselves. The act of dressing is often very thought out, making sure to match colors and patterns, dress for the season, and of course, we must choose the right shoes. With something that we do every day and spend a lot of time thinking about, how much do we really understand about our dress? As dress is the first message we send to those around us about who we are, what and we identify with, our gender, our career type, social statusRead MoreVisual Kei : A New Subculture1691 Words   |  7 Pagesstriking in a far opposite way. It s called Yamanba and it has people at a loss for words. Most are conflicted as to whether this subculture is attractive or a joke. Yamanba dress features vibrantly colored ultra feminine clothing, long teased colored hair with extensions, and bizarre face makeup that will make anyone take a second look. Yamanba is virtually a female only subculture that emerged from the ashes of the ganguro subculture of the mid to late 1990’s. It is a subculture that, similar toRead MoreThe Powwows And The Jingle Dress Dance1092 Words   |  5 PagesA Powwow is a congregation where Native American celebration, singing and dancing take place. Throughout the country there are numerous different powwows; though in this essay I will talk about overall powwows and in details the Jingle Dress Dance which by most accounts has its roots in the northern regions of the United States. Some reports say that the word powwow has its origin from the Pawnee word pa-wa, mean ¬ing â€Å"to eat†, other sources say the word indicates a gathering of people for purposeRead MoreDress Codes Should Not Be Banned1291 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of what you wore to school? In most schools, dress codes are set in place to provide a better learning space for all students. Having a dress code can oppress students because students are given the impression that they should not express themselves. Not all families can afford the clothes that abide by the rules. For example, some students don t have the means to pay for new clothes, so they have to use hand-me-down clothing. Enforcing a dress code can lead to more problems in the long run becauseRead MoreThe Ethics Of The School Dress Code1505 Words   |  7 PagesEast High School, reached out to Facebook to reiterate an encounter she had with a police officer before school over a dress code related issue. She stated that s he was wearing a pair of black jeggings, similar in look to leggings which are banned in the school dress code policy. She explains that the officer stopped her and asked for her name because she would be reported for dress code violation. As Maddie tried to explain herself that she was, in fact, wearing a valid item of clothing, the officerRead MoreDress Me Up Business Plan1268 Words   |  6 PagesDress Me Up Shop Business Plan Executive Summary Dress Me Up shop is a website that sells specialized clothes. Dress Me Up Boutique has been conceptualized year 2012. Dress Me Up aims to eliminate middleman and offers creative fashion clothes that is both functional and beautiful. Because our shop manufactures all the clothes we are selling, we can say that we can save in the cost in producing our very own product. The savings are passed on to our customers who will be paying a fractionRead MoreDress Codes And School Uniforms1248 Words   |  5 PagesIs there anything more embarrassing than being dress coded at school? Enforcing a dress code among children is unfair because it not only discriminates against people but it destroys someone’s whole day. Dress codes and school uniforms are meant to increase student achievement and make everyone equal but instead it only hurts people. Most school dress codes are unnecessary and are sexist. Enforcing dress codes is suppose to boost student achievement but instead is racist, sexist and unnecessary.Read MoreSenate Republicans Oppose Equal Pay Bill1404 Words   |  6 PagesProgress towards trying to make a change and pass a bill that will change the way women are looked upon in the workplace. In the article, Senate Republicans reject equal pay bill exemplifies how both men and women will be paid equally for the work both genders are accomplishing, however that reality is still not achieved â€Å"Unfortunately, Senate Republicans disagree,† she added. The bill, sponsored by Sen. Barbara A. Mikulski (D-Md.), had 52 sponsors, but Democrats were unable to persuade RepublicansRead MoreThe Code Of Dress Code Busting1630 Words   |  7 Pages All anyone ever hears about these days is the way people dress and what’s appropriate and what’s not. It’s all a matter of opinion. At least that’s what they all say, until someone gets busted for dress code at school. Then all of the sudden it doesn’t matter what anyone s opinion is. It s the opinion of the person doing the dress code busting. So many schools across the country have established a dr ess code policy these days, some being mediocre and others taking it to the extreme. One outfitRead MoreRole Of Women During The Victorian Era1664 Words   |  7 Pagesculture. The roles of women were greatly affected during this time period. The question of what women could (or should) do attracted a lot of debate in the Victorian era. There are numerous characteristics about The Victorian Period, one of them being the transformation of Britain. From the1830’s to the 1870’s, as seen in Victorian Literature, Britain underwent changes that transformed the lives of its people. The Rail network began in the 1830’s and was completed by the 1870’s. The Rail network had

Christianity Is A Religion That Is Religion - 953 Words

Christianity is a religion that is based off of, and adheres to the religious teachings of Jesus Christ. This section will focus mainly on how the aspects of alcoholism, fornication, and modesty are addressed within Christianity. Alcohol consumption is permitted in Christianity and Christ has often been portrayed in the Bible grasping a glass of wine. The Bible even states that wine, which cheereth God and man† is that which does indeed â€Å"maketh glad the heart of man. However, the Bible states to those who drink excessively: â€Å"Woe to those who are heroes at drinking wine, and valiant men in mixing strong drink† This clearly signifies a key concept of way with which intoxicants such as alcohol or drugs are perceived. If these narcotics provide happiness for mankind, there is no problem with consuming them. However, if these narcotics impair the senses, then the use of such drugs is greatly looked down upon. It is frowned upon by God. Therefore, this specific vers e implies that it is not only excessive alcohol that is prohibited, but the use of any other substance that can cause a harmful effect for a human. This expands the definition of what was wine at the time to drugs in the modern world. Moving on, the issue of fornication in the Bible is greatly condemned. The Bible states that God encourages an individual to â€Å"Flee from sexual immorality.† An individual who commits adultery â€Å"will not inherit the kingdom of God.† Furthermore, in Christianity, women are encouraged toShow MoreRelatedChristianity, Religion, And Religion Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity, one of the western religion which is accepted by more than 30% of the world population. Actually, I am not part of this religion: I am from Hindu religion, an eastern religion. In my religion, there are thousands of gods, but I don t even know the name of more than 50 gods. Unlike Hindu, in Christianity, there is only one God, Jesus Christ, who is the ce ntral figure in Christianity. Among the Christianity community, it is believed that God sends his son to the earth to free the peopleRead MoreChristianity, Religion, And Religion1785 Words   |  8 Pageshere I have only been exposed to one type of religion which is Christianity. I grew up going to a Catholic school, and I quickly learned that Jesus was the one true God. From this moment on I believed that Jesus was the only way to praise and worship God. Since I was brainwashed into this I was under the impression that we would be learning about all prehistoric religions that were all incorrect. However, I learned quickly that although these religions were prehistoric some of their rituals didRead MoreChristianity ( Religion ) On Christianity1349 Words   |  6 PagesCHRISTIANITY (RELIGION) Christianity essentially focuses on faith as it foundation. There are over one thousand religious establishments in the U.S. and Canada and that is just focusing on Christianity on its own. There are 19 major world religions which are sectioned into a total of 270 large religious groups and there is also many smaller ones. They all hold various and often differing beliefs concerning divinity, humanity and the rest of the universe. Many consider that their own faith is theRead MoreChristianity And Its Impact On Religion1744 Words   |  7 Pagesthough science always tries to prove that religion is based upon faulty beliefs, religion will always overcome science, faulty or not. In the modern world that we live in where unity is bigger than ever, we must look beyond our own religious views and study other traditions and philosophies. Specifically, I will be matching up my two favorite, Christianity and Buddhism. Buddhism  is centered upon the life and teachings of Gautama Buddha, whe reas Christianity is centered on the Life and Teachings of  JesusRead MoreReligion Is Not For Christianity And Islam1509 Words   |  7 PagesIt is a widely accepted fact that religion is not limited to Christianity and Islam. Instead, it also incorporates issues such as the fanaticism of expertise, worldly humanism, the consumer culture as well as the consecration to Thursday Night Rugby among other illustrations. Analysis of the historical definition of religion, it has been found that the five core features of religion are also met by politics. For this reason, it is hard to distinguish religion from a policy. As pointed out by theRead MoreChristianity And The Religion Of Islam1180 Words   |  5 PagesChristianity and the religion of islam have many differences. I believe it’s time for someone to go into depth of how Christianity and Islam are similar and different. One thing to remember is that all this is based on Historical discoveries, and my opinions are based on my research. So, without further ado, let’s get started. Take in mind that I have never read the, â€Å"Qur’an†, or the, â€Å"Holy Bible†. I will try my best to make everything factual. The descendant - Christianity: All christians believeRead MoreChristianity and The Lutheran Religion847 Words   |  3 PagesThe Lutheran religion was originally branched from Christianity, and is a massive Protestant denomination currently. Nearly 66 million people worldwide practice this religion (Lutheranism). Lutheran has a membership which exceeds any other Protestant denomination. Germany is the primary Lutheran country, as it was from the start (Martin Luther 1483-1546, BBC). This religion dates back to 1517, the founder of this religion was Martin Luther (McHugh, John). Martin Luther was born on November 10thRead MoreThe Religions Of Christianity And Judaism1934 Words   |  8 Pagesphilosophy is kindness. Religion shouldn t be a complicated topic. Religion requires the adherent to use their brain and heart as if it was their place of worship. The adherent s actions take place in the brain; their actions would be part of the worship. Religion is often associated with philosophy, which is unnecessary. Religion is not complicated. The adherent of Christianity or Judaism should have the mindset of kindness and nothing else. Although the religions of Christianity and Judaism are similarRead MoreThe Definition Of Christianity Is A Religion1391 Words   |  6 Pages The definition of Christianity is a religion that teaches about who Jesus is and why he was sent to save us. I believe being a Christian consists of loving inward, outward and upward. I as that I never knew who God was growing up, but I always knew he existed. I am a courageous Christian woman that has been a Christian for almost three years now. I know now what it is like to live for God’s glory. Before I became a Christian I was a very lost soul. What I mean by this is, I lived a very hatefulRead MoreChristianity And Islam : The Religions1510 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity and Islam are the two largest religions in the world. Christianity is a belief built on the life, teachings and death and rebirth of Jesus. He was born as a Jew in Roman-Occupied Palestine (Fisher, pg. 302). Christians believe Jesus was born in Bethlehem. (Fisher pg. 305) According to the Gospel Jesus mother is virgin Mary and she conceived him by the Holy Spirt (fisher, pg. 306). Jesus taught the w ord of God and he also performed some miracles such as turning water into wine, healing

Monkey in the mirror Free Essays

Monkey in the mirror is a book written by Ian Tattersall and it was published by the oxford university press in the year 2002 with 203 pages and the serial number is ISBN 0-19-851569-3. Tattersall a curator by profession is a PhD holder From Yale University,Tattersall, a Briton, is a curator in the Division of Anthropology of the American Museum of Natural History â€Å"Dr. Tattersall is currently working with Research Associate Jeffrey Schwartz on a multi-volume project to document the major fossils in the human fossil record. We will write a custom essay sample on Monkey in the mirror or any similar topic only for you Order Now The literature as it stands is not a good resource for comparing human fossils, because standards of description and terminology vary widely. Because it employs a consistent descriptive and photographic protocol, this new work will make it possible for the first time for colleagues, students, and others to make the necessary comparisons without the extensive travel needed to consult the originals, which are in institutions all over the world. It will thus be a unique resource for pale anthropology that will spur future research† by D.S.G. POLLOCK â€Å"According to tattersall this is a great book having researched on it well and pointing to a lot of essays and as we all know human history or geology is a difficult topic and needs much research before one tries to defend his/her argument and as tattersall explain in his preface, â€Å"this is a somewhat unusual book, being â€Å"a series of loosely connected essays on evolution and related subjects† rather than a tightly constructed argument. Presumably because of this, it lacks both an index and any references or even a suggested reading list, which is a rather unfortunate limitation, especially in view of its author’s somewhat contentious views† Campbell. Copyright  © Anthony Campbell (2002) The book in all has eight in which tattersall has discussed different issues brings out Where the man came from that is according to evolution theory which he has stated different parts of the world. The first two paragraphs are of general information about what science and evolution is. He firstly discuss what science is and theory and its findings and what it helps us in modern day to understand The first chapter of the book, titled What’s So Special about Science?, provides a surprising insight into the cultural context in which Tattersall works. at the American museum In these, Tattersall sets the scene for what follows. He is particularly keen to counter the idea that adaptation in evolution is â€Å"for† anything. Novelty arises on a haphazard basis and it is purely a matter of luck if it turns out to have a beneficial effect on survival and reproduction. About novelty in evolution, tattersall supports the view that radial innovations can appear in select few the rest of the book is concerned in one way or another â€Å"with aspects of human evolution. In a chapter called â€Å"The Monkey in the Mirror†, which is also the title of the whole connection, Tattersall considers the question of which animals are capable of recognizing their own reflection (only humans and some though not all apes), and considers the connection, or lack of connection, between brain size and intelligence. Although we often think that a large brain is what mainly distinguishes us from other species, pre-human hominids were not chiefly remarkable for the size of their brains. Instead, Tattersall identifies three features that he thinks are important in this regard: upright stance, the use of stone tools, and a â€Å"modern† body form.† Anthony Campbell. â€Å"Tattersall devotes a full chapter to Homo erectus and the Australopithecenes who preceded him; and he is emphatic that the transition from one to the other was abrupt. Another of the evolutionary themes that Tattersall is keen to emphasize is denoted by the inelegant neologism of exaptation† pollok Neanderthals has a complete topic dedicated by tattersall and adopts the view that they were not ancestral to us but are of different species he holds a view that they were killed by our own ancestors and has a believe that the they could have interbred. Chapter Seven consist of a sustained attack on evolutionary psychology and sociobiology. Tattersall is scornful of the idea that our present-day behavior is conditioned by our long evolutionary background as hunter-gatherers or that our psychology is dependent on our genes. â€Å"However, I think there is a better case to be made out for such ideas than he allows, and his inevitably rather brief discussion of it is one-sided† Kevin N. Laland and Gillian R. Brown. â€Å"Tattersall’s account of man’s evolution conveys a modern message. As far as the science of paleoanthropology is concerned, it is up to the minute in the way that it reports the tenor of current thinking. It has been written with such facility and in such affluent prose that, sometimes, its cutting edge is too well concealed. It can take an effort of concentration, far beyond what the book ostensibly requires of the reader, to anatomize its rich and complex message. But, any reader who is prepared to devote time and thought to this brief book will be abundantly rewarded† Stephen Pollock. The final chapter forecast the future. in his essay he says, I quote: â€Å"It is fairly pessimistic about our chances of survival. As a consolation prize, however, if humanity is reduced to scattered pockets of survivors in relative isolation from one another there will be a chance for evolution to take off again; a large and unified population like ours today does not afford the fragmentation and isolation that is needed for selection to act.† tattersall Conclusion To conclude and in short, tattersal is a profound writer and this book is exceptional and will interest anyone who envies evolution of the current day. And as we see the book has no references and this is a set back because readers will not have an alternative incase they want an alternative view. Works cited; Monkey in the mirror-Ian tattersall Anthony Campbell- Essays on the scienc How to cite Monkey in the mirror, Essay examples

The Role of Accounting in Society-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Role of Accounting in Society. Answer: Unethical Issues in Seven Eleven As per 7 Eleven (2018) it is an American chain of convenience stores which is known worldwide. It is a Japanese owned chain and is headquartered in Irving, Texas. Seven Eleven Japan Co. Ltd is headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo and it is owned by Seven I Holdings Co. It has employed around 45000 employees in its stores. The company supplies proprietary food and continues to innovate new edible products for its time constrained consumers. However, in 2015, the company was accused to use unlawful and unfair labor practices to decrease its labor costs in its stores located in Australia. The young and foreign laborers who were working at the companys stores had been paid less than 50 % of the minimum wage rate. This problem continued for some time in the company and it was confronted by every person who was employed in the company. As a result, the chairperson of Seven Eleven , Mr. Russ Withers and the CEO Mr. Warren Wilmot resigned from their designations. It was stated that the wage rate of the laborers were intentionally kept low to keep the costs down and the profits increased for the benefit of the franchisers and the parent company (Zi?czuk, Cichorzewska and Walczewski , 2013) . The workers were paid for every alternate hour and the foreign laborers were threatened to be reported if the lodged any complaints to the higher authorities. They were paid $ 12 per hour which was below the minimum wage rate. Also, they were paid wages for 20 hours a week while they worked for around 40-60 hours a week. The payment of low wages was also reported in 2016 in which it was found by the Fair Work Ombudsman that the franchisees paid full payment to the workers and afterwards half of the payment was to be given back to them by the workers. The reason behind this was that the executives and the head offices were receiving 57 % of the gross profits while the stores received the rest 47 % of the revenue. It became difficult for them to manage the huge staff cost from this meager amount. It led to the exploitation of the workers (Ogbari et al., 2016). The stakeholders affected in this scandal are the employees who were paid less than their working hours. Also, the future owners of the franchisees and the customers were affected as nobody would like to commercially transact with the unethical company. The parent company 7-Eleven Malaysia Holdings Berhad which was listed on the Malaysian Stock Exchange saw a sudden downfall in the value of its shares .The return on the shares was also affected due to the loss of goodwill of the company. After the scandal was settled, the workers left the company and the new ones were reluctant to join it. So, it had a negative impact on its operations (Bieler and Lee, 2016). The decisions made by the involved parties in this issue was unethical and it affected badly on the operational activities of the business. In this case, the workers specially the international students who worked in the stores were blackmailed to be reported to the immigration department if they spoke about the low wage rates. After the allegations, the franchisees stated that it was impossible for the company to earn profits without exploiting the employees which was completely unethical (Ollus, 2016). The unethical activities of the company led to its downfall in the market. According to Fair Work Ombudsman (2016) as a result of various investigations on the company for not complying with the Federal Workplace Laws .The franchisees of the company were falsifying the records regarding the payment of wages to the workers (KPMG, 2015). It had a great impact on the future owners of the franchisees and the customers of the company. They withdrew themselves from the operations of the company. After the settlement of the scams, the employees left the company and the new ones were reluctant to join it. This further had an influence on the downfall in the value of the shares and the returns of the parent company which was listed on the Malaysian Stock Exchange. Before I joined the lecture, I related ethics to moral principles which arise in the business environment. After attending the lectures, I felt that the ethical principles such as individualism, utilitarianism , Kantianism and the virtual theories are manipulated by the organizations for their own benefit and selfish interest. The ethical principles are meant for the common good and not for the benefit of the upper class of the society (Adeyeye et al., 2015). Hence, to conclude, it can be said that the environment of the company sets the tone for its employees and it should provide an ethical framework so that the employees and the management can be motivated for behaving responsibly. The ethical framework of 7 -11 lacked internal control systems regarding the payment of wages References 7 Eleven (2018) About Us [online] Available from: https://corp.7-eleven.com/corp/about#corp_about_intro [Accessed 9th April 2018]. Adeyeye, J.O., Adeniji, A. A., Osinbanjo, A.O., Oludayo, O.A. (2015) Effects of Workplace Ethics on Employees and Organizational Productivity in Nigeria. International Conference on African Development Issues [online] Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/123e/bf2aa954d98622997fe03c1da8f5e800d603.pdf[Accessed 9th April 2018]. Bieler, A. and Lee, C.Y. (2016) Exploitation and resistance: a comparative analysis of the Chinese cheap labor electronics and high-value added IT sectors. Globalizations. DOI : 10.1080/14747731.2016.1204698. Fair Work Ombudsman (2016) Statement on 7-Eleven [online] Available from: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/about-us/news-and-media-releases/2016-media-releases/april-2016/20160409-7-eleven-presser[Accessed 9th April 2018]. KPMG (2015) Fraud Ethics at the Workplace in Switzerland[online] Available from: https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2016/04/ch-fraud-and-ethics-at-the-workplace-in-switzerland-brochure-en.pdf [Accessed 9th April 2018]. Ogbari, M.E., Oke, A.O., Ibukunoluwa, A.A. , Ajagbe, M.A. and Ologbo, A.C. (2016)Entrepreneurship and Business Ethics: Implications on Corporate Performance. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues. 6(S3), pp. 50-58. Ollus, N. (2016) Forced Flexibility and Exploitation: Experiences of Migrant Workers in the Cleaning Industry. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies. 6(1),pp. 25-45. Zi?czuk, B., Cichorzewska, M. and Walczewski , M.(2013) The Analysis of Unethical Behavior Among Employees In Enterprises A Pilot Study in The Automotive Industry. Management Knowledge and Learning International Conference 2013 [online] Available from: https://www.toknowpress.net/ISBN/978-961-6914-02-4/papers/ML13-249.pdf [Accessed 9th April 2018].

How should we live

Introduction As a consequence of global warming and human activity, some countries across the world are likely to encounter high river water levels in the nearest future. There also going to be increased levels of river degradation and in the present day, river degradation is a significant issue of natural resource management that is facing such a country as Australia (Brierley, et al, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on How should we live? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In relation to the issue of high river water levels, Samuels et al (2006) point out that, rather than fighting and engaging in the control of flood hazards â€Å"with ever higher dikes, new management styles focus on understanding and managing flood risk† (Samuels, 2006, p.142). Taking the case of the Netherlands, for instance, there is embodying of this policy approach by a national policy referred to as â€Å"Room for River† (De Groot, 2010). The objective of this national policy is to ensure creation of additional space for water storage and this is carried out by engaging in relocating dikes â€Å"land inwards or constructing side channels† (De Groot, 2010, p.89). In an effort to ensure combining of a bigger discharge capacity with other functions, in most cases, go together with recreation, nature conservation and river restoration (Van Stokkom, 2005). There has been well documentation of public support for â€Å"Room for River† policies and this support is found out to be high. To this overall finding, it has been pointed out that public support to specific â€Å"Room for River† measures may not be higher, like in the case when these involve removing trees (De Groot de Groot, 2009). The special interest in this paper is to gain insight into the factors which may give an explanation to the level of people in adhering to â€Å"Room for River policy†. The question that com es is; does the adherence that people have correlate with their general ethics on nature, with the way they utilize the river, their good judgment of place, with their age, or with no any of these? Within this scope of factors, the special interest in the paper will lie in people’s ethics with nature. Is what people believe about the suitable relationship between humans and nature give a reflection in the opinions they have on more solid policies such as Room for River?Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this paper, there is going to be an assessment of where levels of adherence to river management styles resonate with public environmental ethics and the paper will reflect on the Australian situation. Human/Nature relationships and river meanings The human/nature relationship images are a portion of wider â€Å"visions of nature† concepts as given descriptio n to by Van den Born et al (2001). These researchers give a distinction between three components. The first component is images of nature, the second is nature values and the third is images of relationship. All these components give a reflection of the issues which are subject to debate that has been held by the environmental ethicists. Therefore, as Van de Born (2008) point out, the empirical study about the visions of nature that the lay people have can be referred to as empirical philosophy. A large number of philosophers call these â€Å"basic attitudes† (Zweers, 2000) or â€Å"world views† (Norton, 1991).Such views do not essentially need to be a well developed philosophy, they can as well be several assumptions that â€Å"the respondents hardly ever recognize or think about† (Norton, 1991, p.20). The human/nature relationship images are formed on the basis of the philosophical categorization in to the â€Å"Mastery over nature, Stewardship of nature, par tnership with nature and Participation in nature† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). Considering â€Å"Mastery over nature†, people stand above nature and they may utilize in the way they like, unfettered by ethical chains. Looking at â€Å"Stewardship of nature†, people are charged with the responsibility to care for nature towards the generations to come or God. Even if this image â€Å"is less anthropocentric, Stewardship resembles the Master in the positioning of human beings above nature† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). Looking at â€Å"Partnership with nature’, this is considered as a metaphor for a relationship that is equal between nature and the human beings; they operate jointly in a dynamic process of mutual development. It is pointed out that â€Å"in the most ecopocentric image, Participation in nature, human beings are part of nature in the sense that the connectedness with nature gives meaning to the Participant’s life† (De Groot, 2010, p .91).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on How should we live? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The studies that were previously conducted on â€Å"Visions of Nature† were based on open ended as well as structured interviews and the Human Nature Scale indicates that the Dutch do discard â€Å"Mastery over Nature† and accept â€Å"Stewardship over Nature† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). However, this Stewardship becomes a different variant from the traditional variant; rather than putting human beings above nature; the respondents engage in adhering to a Steward that is a portion of nature. They seem to undertake combination of â€Å"Participation with Stewardship† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). It is pointed out that even if the interviews conducted in Canada by De Groot and Van de Born (2003) made confirmation of such findings, still much has not been known regarding the images people have of relations hip in the rest of the Western World (De Groot, 2010). When looking for other studies in this field of empirical work presented by some environmental ethicists, you find such studies conducted by people like Norton (1991), Minteer and Mannings (1999) and Berghofer et al (2008) and all of them indicate that basically â€Å"Nature-friendly ethics prevail among the Western population† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). The most well-known is the â€Å"New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) presented which undertakes the measurement of the ecological worldviews (De Groot de Groot, 2009). Even if the extensive utilization of this scale has offered much insight in to the ecological beliefs across the world, this scale basically draws out levels of anthropocentricism, â€Å"ranging from Mastery to Stewardship† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). The respondents can just engage in agreeing or disagreeing to this representation that is not wide of environmental ethics with no whichever differentiation in th e ecocentric alternatives. This is quite a big deficit when putting into consideration the ecocentric ethics as drawn out in earlier Human Nature studies and the â€Å"generally high scores on intrinsic value statements† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). The other scale is the â€Å"Connectedness to Nature Scale† presented by Mayer and Frantz (2004). The focus of this scale is more on ecocentric end of the spectrum. Even if their statements match with the experiences and affections in nature to a large extent which makes up a central theme in the ecocentric relationships, this scale is not used in measuring the environmental ethics.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A study which takes both ends of the spectrum in to account is the one that was conducted by Thomson and Barton (1994) into ecocentrism and anthropocentrism. These researchers point out that â€Å"to ecocentrics nature has a spiritual dimension and intrinsic value that is reflected in their experiences in nature and feelings about natural settings† (Thomson and Barton, 1994, p.149). They engage in combining images of nature and values to capture a worldview concerning the position of human beings in nature. In such sense, the study conducted by Thompson and Barton (1994) can be considered as the â€Å"forerunner of HaN-scale studies† (De Groot, 2010, p.91). Besides ecocentrism and anthropocentricism, the HaN-scale as well fills in the â€Å"middle ground† between both ends by drawing out â€Å"Stewardship of nature† and â€Å"Partnership with nature† (De Groot, 2010). Other than the images of relationship, there can be expectation of large number o f other factors to undertake prediction and explanation of the adherences to flood risk management. In looking for variables that are supposed to be considered, the interpretative exploration carried out by Davenport and Anderson (2005) became an important base because of the inductive character it has. On the basis of semi-structured interviews, these researchers draw a distinction between four meanings which the members of the community members in Nebraska attribute to the Niobrara River, that is â€Å"a river as sustenance, as nature, as tonic and as identity† (Davenport and Anderson, 2005, p.625). Considering â€Å"River as sustenance†, this ascertains the river as being a source of water that greatly is coveted and scarce and as economic revenue. Considering â€Å"River as a tonic†, this suggests the river as being â€Å"good for mind, body and soul† (De Groot, 2010, p.92). On the other hand, â€Å"River as nature† gives expression of the appr eciation of the respondents for the ecology and ‘river as identity’ ties the river to the sense of people of who they are. In an effort to undertake adaption of these four river meanings to the North Western European situation, â€Å"’river as sustenance’ was dropped because previous interviews suggested that this aspect of the river played a minor role in the personal lives of river residents† (De Groot, 2010, p.92). They rarely lingered over the reliance they have on the river for water supply or over the economic activities that are linked to the river. In connection to the study conducted by Buijs (2009) as well as that conducted by De Groot and De Groot (2009), there was inclusion of questions instead and this was for the reason of its noticeable relatedness to river management. The river meanings presented by Davenport and Anderson are a product of â€Å"Grounded theory† approach which began from â€Å"Sense of Place† theories (D e Groot, 2010). This implies that the meanings â€Å"river as nature† as well as â€Å"river as tonic† do not have a theoretical grounding. In order to undertake expression of the theoretical background in a better way, De Groot (2010) made a decision to give names to meanings basing on the theories that were used; â€Å"Sense of Place†, â€Å"Leisure experiences† and â€Å"Visions of Nature† (De Groot, 2010, p.92). Sense of Place, Leisure experiences and Visions of Nature The measurement of leisure experiences were carried out on the basis of the topology of Elands and Lengkeek (2000). The leisure experiences are considered as â€Å"a confrontation with out-other-ness, a play with what is masked in everyday life† (De Groot, 2010, p.93). Typology can be viewed as a continuum which runs â€Å"from experience in which the difference between out-other-ness and everyday is rather small† to those where the ‘other’ is rather un known and inaccessible† (De Groot, 2010, p.93). Because both river management styles bring about a different landscape and hence different opportunities for particular leisure experiences, there is expectation of this topology to correlate with the adherence to the styles of management. Moreover, the â€Å"Sense of Place† or â€Å"SOP† is a portion of the literature that is fragmented on human beings and spatial settings consisting of other concepts like place meaning, place attachment and place identity. Even if a large number of scholars engaged in studying the attachment to the urban environment, among these, there are those that engage in studying a more rural setting, in an outdoor recreation setting, or a river (De Groot, 2010). The indicators that are utilized in the industry are on the basis of the â€Å"Sense of Place-scale† presented by Jorgensen and Stedman (2001) that gave a definition of the Sense of Place as â€Å"the meaning attached to spa tial setting by a person or group (Jorgensen and Stedman, 2001, p.233). They carry out the measurement of the â€Å"Sense of Place† in three dimensions which are; identity, attachment and dependence. It is important to note that â€Å"sense of Place† overlaps partially with leisure experiences. As on one hand strong attachment to a place is clearly the basis of dedication, on the other hand, the other experiences can be considered as being more â€Å"moderate or very light forms of Sense of Place† (De Groot, 2010, p.93). Basing on the study that was undertaken by Buijs (2009), there is expectation of Sense of Place to correlate in a negative way with the adherences to â€Å"Room for River† and this is for the reason that this measure impacts more â€Å"on the identity of the riverine place† (De Groot, 2010, p.93). In addition, the preceding experience with flooding, â€Å"the likelihood of having one’s house flooded and the safety perceptio n are expected to influence the adherence to flood risk management† (De Groot, 2010, p.93). Making discovery of this correlation directly is easy after the occurrence of a flood; this is for the reason that, in situations like these, reinforcement support of dikes among the affected residents is high in general. However, the studies conducted previously on the subject of risk perceptions of river floods indicate that the risk perception of the public is usually low and mostly in the Netherlands (De Groot, 2010). Management Styles Going towards the interrelationships that exist between the â€Å"public environmental ethics as well as adherences to the management styles, it is realized that there is a correlation between Mastery and dike reinforcement and on the other hand, a correlation exists between Guardianship and the sustainable style. This matches with the hypothesis that is made which give a presumption that the two management styles are formed on the basis of a differe nt ethic. Basing on what is held by the public, a fundamental change occurs within a flood risk management at a time of having a shift from one style to the other style. It is also pointed out that no Prediction is made by image of Participation of any style and on the hand; the image of Partner has a negative correlation with dike reinforcement. This gives room for having another hypothesis that makes a presumption that environmental ethics are not quite significant in carrying out the prediction of the public adherence to policy. It is stated in this hypothesis by Norton (1991) that â€Å"weak anthropocentrists can reach the same policy objective as the ecocentrics† (Norton, 1991, p.20). Basing on theory, more ecocentric river policies are very imaginable. However, it may here have been that the descriptions given to the two management styles â€Å"do not relate readily enough to the wordings of Partnership and Participation items† (De Groot, 2010, p.105). For carryi ng out the interpretation of such conclusions, it is imperative to take into consideration the low explanatory power of the two regression analyses. In addition, the ethics of the public are among the several variable that carry out the prediction of the adherence to each style of river management; like â€Å"recreation experiences, the place of the residence and the age of the respondents† (De Groot, 2010, p.105). Considering the case of Australia, river degradation is a significant issue of natural resource management that is currently facing Australia. For instance, it was found out that about eighty five percent of the river length that was assessed by the â€Å"National Land and Water Resources Audit† was affected by catchment disturbance. Moreover, it was found out that more than 50 percent of the rivers that were assessed are affected by the changes to riverine habitat (Brierley, et al, 2002). Under normal circumstances, the work of catchment rehabilitation in t his country has been carried out by the community groups having limited skills as well as resources in regard to priority are identification fro rehabilitation investment The resources for the work of river rehabilitation are limited and there are competing demands for these resources (Brierley, et al, 2002). There is need to have tools in order for them to help in making decisions on which area to undertake application of resources and effort to realize the highest effectiveness in regard to river rehabilitation. The â€Å"River styles† was set up out of a â€Å"Land Water Australia funded project carried out by Macquarie University in response to the need for a framework that linked reliable knowledge of the nature of different river types and biophysical attributes within catchments† (Brierley, et al, 2002, p.91). â€Å"River Styles† offers a biophysical template for river management which is directly suited to â€Å"structure and function of the Australia Rivers† (Brierley, et al, 2002, p.91). It offers a â€Å"baseline geomorphic assessment of river character, behavior and condition, and is based on the premise that effective management strategies must ‘work with nature’† (Brierley, et al, 2002, p.92). Conclusion In conclusion it can be pointed out that; it has been realized that following climate change that has brought about the problem of global warming, the countries in several parts of the world have a likelihood of being faced with extremely high river water levels in the shortest time to come. Moreover, sustainability comes up as a main international policy driver, bringing in different approach to flood defense. It has been found out that, instead of fighting and engaging in the control of flood hazards with ever higher dikes, the focus of the new management styles is put on having knowledge about and managing the risk of posed by floods. In the Netherlands, there has been well documentation of publ ic support for â€Å"Room for River† policies and this support is found out to be high. To this overall finding, it has been pointed out that public support to specific â€Å"Room for River† measures may not be higher, like in the case when these involve removing trees For the reason that the more ecocentric images of the relationship such as Participation and Partnership are as well well-liked among people, the river managers have a concrete basis in attempting to ensure incorporation of more ecocentric values in their long-standing policies and move beyond comparatively incremental and technical room for river policies that prevail at present day. Explorations like these ones are supposed to be carried out in a way which ensures inclusion of the civilians from the very start in order for the parties to jointly engage in learning from one another in a process that is open. It is important for us as individuals in engage in fruitful activities that can help as to effec tively deal with the environmental problems that come up. It is important for us to emulate what others are doing elsewhere to be able to apply it in our own context. The problems of river flooding and river degradation are facing several countries across the world, Australia being among them. Since these problems are predicted to intensify in the near future, it is important that appropriate measures be taken urgently in order to curb the situation. References Berghofer, U., Rozzi, R. Jax, K., 2008, ‘Local versus Global Knowledge: Diverse Perspectives on Nature in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve’, Environmental Ethics Vol.30, pp. 273-294. Brierley, G., Fryirs, K., Outhet, D. Massey, C.,2002, Application of the River Styles framework as a basis for river management in New South Wales, Australia. Applied Geography, vo.22,no.1, pp.91–122. Buijs, A. E., 2009. ‘Public support for river restoration. A mixed-method study into local residents support for and fra ming of river management and ecological restoration in the Dutch floodplains’ Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 90, pp.2680-2689. Davenport, A. D. H. Anderson, 2005, ‘Getting from Sense of Place to Place-Based Management; An Interpretive Investigation of Place Meanings and Perceptions of Landscape Change’, Society and Natural Resources, vol. 18, pp.625-641. De Groot, M., 2010, Humans and nature: public visions on their interrelationship, Academic press, New York. De Groot, M. W. T. De Groot, 2009, ‘Room for River’ measures and public visions in the Netherlands: A survey on river perceptions among riverside residents’, Water Resources Research 45. De Groot, W. T. R. J. G. Van den Born, 2003, ‘Visions of Nature and landscape type preferences: an exploration in the Netherlands’ Landscape and Urban planning, Vol. 63, pp. 127-138. Elands, B. J. Lengkeek, 2000, Typical Tourists: Research into the theoretical and methodological f oundations of a typology of tourism and recreation experiences. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden,. Jorgensen, B. S. R. C. Stedman, 2001, ‘Sense of Place as an Attitude: Lakeshore Owners Attitudes toward their Properties’ Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol.2, pp. 233-248. Mayer, F. S. C. Frantz, 2004, ‘The Connectedness to Nature Scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature’, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 24, pp. 503-515. Minteer, B. A. R. E. Manning, 1999, ‘Pragmatism in Environmental Ethics: Democracy, Pluralism, and the Management of Nature’ Environmental Ethics, vol. 21, no.2, pp.191-208. Norton, B. G., 1991, Toward Unity among Environmentalists, Oxford University Press,. Oxford. Samuels, P., F. Klijn J. Dijkman, 2006, ‘An analysis of the current practice of policies on river flood risk management in different countries’, Irrigation and drainage, Vol.5, pp. 141-150. Thompson, S. C. M . A. Barton, 1994, ‘Ecocentric and Anthropocentric Attitudes toward the Environment’, Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 14, pp. 149-157. Van den Born, R. J. G., 2008, ‘Rethinking Nature: Visions of Nature of a Dutch public’, Environmental Values, Vol. 17, No.1, pp. 83-110. Van Stokkom, H. T. C., 2005, ‘Flood Defense in The Netherlands. A new Era, a New Approach’, Water International, Vol. 30 no.1, pp. 76-87. Zweers, W., 2000, Participating with nature. Outline for an Ecologization of our Worldview, International books, Utrecht. This report on How should we live? was written and submitted by user Adam D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Ulysses Grant Biography - 18th U.S. President

Ulysses Grant Biography - 18th U.S. President Ulysses Grants Childhood and Education Grant was born on April 27, 1822 in Point Pleasant, Ohio. He was raised in Georgetown, Ohio. He grew up on a farm. He went to local schools before attending the Presbyterian Academy and then being appointed to West Point. He was not necessarily the best student though he was good at math. When he graduated, he was placed in the infantry. Family Ties Grant was the son of Jesse Root Grant, a  tanner and merchant along with a strict abolitionist. His mother was  Hannah Simpson Grant. He had three sisters and two brothers.   On August 22, 1848, Grant married Julia Boggs Dent, the daughter of a St. Louis merchant and slaveholder.  The fact that her family owned slaves was a point of contention for Grants parents. Together they had three sons and one daughter: Frederick Dent, Ulysses Jr., Ellen, and Jesse Root Grant.   Ulysses Grants Military Career When Grant was graduated from West Point, he was stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. In 1846, America went to war with Mexico. Grant served with General Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. By the end of the war he was promoted to first lieutenant. He continued his military service  until 1854 when he resigned and tried farming. He had a hard time and eventually had to sell his farm. He did not rejoin the military until 1861 with the outbreak of the Civil War. U.S. Civil War At the beginning of the Civil War, Grant rejoined the military as a colonel of the 21st Illinois Infantry. He captured Fort Donelson, Tennessee in February 1862 which was the first major Union victory. He was promoted to major general. He had other victories at Vicksburg, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge. In March 1864, he was made the commander of all Union forces. He accepted Lees surrender at Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865. After the war, he served as Secretary of War (1867-68). Nomination and Election Grant was unanimously nominated by the Republicans in 1868. The Republicans supported black suffrage in the south and a less lenient form of reconstruction than that espoused by Andrew Johnson. Grant was opposed by Democrat Horatio Seymour. In the end, Grant received 53% of the popular vote and 72% of the electoral vote. In 1872, Grant was easily renominated and won over Horace Greeley despite the many scandals that occurred during his administration. Events and Accomplishments of Ulysses Grants Presidency The largest issue of Grants presidency was  Reconstruction. He continued occupying the South with federal troops. His administration fought against states who denied blacks the right to vote. In 1870, the  fifteenth amendment  was passed providing that no one could be denied the right to vote based on race. Further in 1875, the  Civil Rights Act  was passed which ensured that African Americans would have the same right to use inns, transportation, and theaters among other things. However, the law was ruled unconstitutional in 1883. In 1873, an  economic depression  occurred that lasted five years. Many were unemployed, and many businesses failed. Grants administration was marked by five major scandals. Black Friday  - September 24, 1869. Two speculators,  Jay Gould  and  James Fisk, tried to buy up enough gold to corner the gold market while keeping Grant from dumping federal gold on the market. They drove up the price of gold quickly before Grant realized what was going on and was able to add enough gold onto the market to bring the price down. However, many investors and businesses were ruined because of this.Credit Mobilier - 1872. In order to cover up stealing money from the Union Pacific Railroad, officers of the Credit Mobilier company sold stocks cheaply to members of Congress.Grants Secretary of the Treasury, William A. Richardson gave special agent John D. Sanborn the job of collecting delinquent taxes allowing Sanborn to keep 50% of what he collected.Whiskey Ring - 1875. Many distillers and federal agents were keeping money that was being paid as liquor taxes. Grant called for punishment but protected his own personal secretary.Belknap Bribery - 1876. Grants Secre tary of War, W. W. Belknap was taking money from traders selling at Indian posts. However, through all of this, Grant still was able to get renominated and reelected to the presidency. Post-Presidential Period After Grant retired from the presidency, he and his wife traveled throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. He then retired to Illinois in 1880. He helped his son by borrowing money to set him up with a friend named Ferdinand Ward in a brokerage firm. When they went bankrupt, Grant lost all his money. He ended up writing his memoirs for money to help his wife before he died on July 23, 1885. Historical Significance Grant is considered to be one of the worst presidents in Americas history. His time in office was marked by major scandals, and therefore he was not able to accomplish much during his two terms in office.

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 31

Business - Essay Example It is evident that a lot of companies are planning to or offering telecommuting services to their employees. Drastic weather conditions are among factors that are pushing companies to offer telecommuting. Employees in Washington saved the government a large sum of money by working from home during official snow days. This is according to research done by Global Workplace Analytics. According to Lister, â€Å"Telecommuting is the only way companies will know how to build work places and design work practices and decide what technology is needed for support† (Tugend). Today, telecommuting is not limited to one sector of the population but men, women, young, old, parents, and non parents all participate. The article states that individuals who work from home tend to be more productive and put in more working hours. It is however important for an employee to combine both working at home and from the office, since working from home alone my affect promotion chances. Telecommuting has grown drastically and a lot of individual are full time employees working from home. On average, the article states that the number of Americans working outside the office is as high as thirty percent of the population (Tugend). Telecommuting is helping companies reduce office spaces but still a large number of individuals would prefer to combine both working at home and from the office. The second article â€Å"Working Productively as a Telecommuter† outlines tips on how to become a successful telecommuter. For a lot of people, the idea of telecommuting is working from the comfort of your home in pajamas without the rush of the office. The article however states that this is not a healthy notion and is destined to failure for any individual telecommuting. Even if working from home an individual needs to take is serious. One should be focused and work hard just as if he was his own boss (Garone). The article gives tips on how to be successful in telecommuting. For first time

Ethics in medical research case studies Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethics in medical case studies - Research Paper Example Believing that the procedure would succeed, the researchers strongly stand on their ground that no consent from patients was necessary (Johnmueller.org, 2010). Three years after the incident and after a year of probation of the researchers involved in the incident, one of them was elected president of the American Association for Cancer Research (Johnmueller.org, 2010). The proponent of this paper tries to assess the issues involved in the above case, how they were handled and might have been handled differently. Below are some of the ethical issues involved in the above case. Oral consent but no documentation The researchers were able to point out that oral consents were made but there was no documentation involved due to some certain reasons. This made it clear that the entire research was a one-sided approach which strongly emphasized only the main objectives of the researchers, without taking into account the rights of the respondents. Rules or guidelines on what is right and app ropriate conduct are all incorporated in ethics (Rumrill, Cook, & Wiley, 2011). Thus, there should be appropriate way to conduct research among the chosen respondents especially in medical research. Research involving human subjects includes legal and ethical considerations which primarily include human subjects’ protection, protection of privacy and the disclosure of risks involved (Kulynych, 2002). Furthermore, since 1980s epidemiologists and physicians adhered to the importance of informed consent in certain investigations (Regidor, 2004). In the case of Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital, researchers strongly argued that they were able to inform the respondents through oral consent due to certain reasons. One reason is that the respondents were indigent, which means it would be appropriate to explain everything to them in an oral approach. However, the case of Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital did not only include ethical considerations, but tied in it was legal accountability of the researchers. These two seemed to be integrated in the case of Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital and the researchers involved. Citing the significance of informed consent, the researchers were able to do at least somewhere in the right thing, but the problem in this approach is the lack of showing some documents to prove that indeed there were oral consents made on the part between the respondents and the researchers. Oral consent was appropriate at some point knowing that it still belongs to the category of informed consent. However, there still something lacking in it in the case of therapeutic research where there seems to some remarkable risks involved. Consent should be highly documented in this case so whatever may happen, there would be some legal basis that will point out to adherence to the ethical standards. Custom to perform dangerous medical procedures without consent As stated earlier, in medical research, the respondents have the right to express their consent in certain research investigations. This is considered to be sound and ethical especially if it has to be applied in the case of Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital. However, the said hospital had certain customary procedure that in the event of performing dangerous medical procedures, consent from patients or respondents will not be necessary because it can be waved. In fact, this is supported by some legal and ethical standard that at some point, the

The Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Criminal Justice System - Essay Example Two main models that are used to determine which acts are crimes by society are the consensus model and the conflict model (Farmer 2008). According to the former, criminal behaviour is any act that is in conflict with the beliefs and values of the whole society. This model holds the assumption that as diverse as people and communities are, they can have similar morals. On its part, the conflict model holds that criminal law is determined by those people who hold social, political, and economic power within a given community. One of the theories that apply to crime is the rational choice theory. Also called the decision theory, this theory suggests that humans commit crimes because they serve the interests of the actors or rather bring more benefit as opposed to harm to them. This theory is based on the assumption that the criminal commits crime because they experience a constraint in choice. In this respect, the theory argues that to deter crime effectively, the cost of crime should be set so high that every reasonable person will shun it. The Government Structure As It Applies To the Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system comprises a collection of local, state and federal (public) agencies that are dedicated to dealing with crime (Randolph, 2005). In many cases, the decision of one agency affects the decisions of other agencies in matters related to crime.

Today The Worlds Becoming More Interconnected Information Technology Essay

Today The Worlds Becoming More Interconnected Information Technology Essay This dissertation will evaluate the network security issues, its current situation, existing network policies, key network security factors and challenges in SMB, and aims to propose the recommendations for improving the current policies and procedures to reduce or alleviate the impact of the security risk. The research plan includes survey, primary and secondary data collection on studying network security aspects. Background of the study Today the world becoming more interconnected than it was few years ago and the reason is fast growing network technologies and Internet. Nowadays it is almost impossible imagine world without Internet and network. As the speed is increasing the security issues related to the network security going up as well. If in early years we had minor threats and worries about the vulnerability and protection of our data in the internal and external network in a small business nowadays we should take care more than it was. About 10-15 years ago there was not even a sign that the technology will grow so fast. As an example the speed of Local Area Network will change from 10 M/bits to 1G/bit, the wireless technology such as Wi-Fi and WiMAX will come up, the mobile network technology will evaluate and could reach the speed when everyone can watch a movie in HD format. Fast and reliable network has born other new problems and concerns how to keep the internal data secure and not to be compromised (Richardson, 2008). Every technology and invention has another side as well such as security aspect. Network security has huge importance as the intellectual property and security data can be acquired easily through Internet if the organization has not any information and security policy. From what was said above we can define the Network security as: The combinations of policies and procedures and countermeasure acts implemented to avoid and keep track of exploitation, destruction, disclosure and well-implemented policies for blocking viruses, hackers from the accessing or changing secure information. Purpose and significance of the research area The pace of network technologies has risen and the hazards and threats, hackers attacks (Christian S. FÃ ¶tinger, Wolfgang Ziegler , 2005) to the business on the rise as well. With this speed we need to be aware and prepare network security policies and procedures in order to be ready to face any possible attacks, attempts to destroy, obtain or change any data being held by the business. The main purpose of this research is to define the awareness of network security and its effect to the small business by the employees, find out the current security policies and procedures and help to improve it and alleviate existing problems. Also this document will provide to small business owners and employees with a better understanding of network security and make recommendations to understanding and acknowledging the threats. Statement of the problem Statement of the Problem For a ordinary PC user the impact of virus attack or security breaches can be much less that if it had a place in an organization. The PC is generally just a single entity and any network security breaks impact is not distributed beyond that PC. But if it was in an organization premises it could have more serious impact not only on that particular work station also it could be spread among the organization as well. The most companies there are often consist of a number of different systems, different type of information, terminals for processing customers data, servers (Knapp, 2011). Having such a complex structure has determined multiple points of entry and source of vulnerability which can be used by hackers, viruses and who has any intention for espionage or attacks. Internet connection adding additional problems to maintain small business network environment secure and safe. The business use e-mail and Internet to communicate inside and outside the organisation. This poses other secure issues like spreading computer viruses and provided an additional opportunity for the hackers, which can easily enter an organization network and wreak havoc on total intranet. By growing the pace of online business the network security has become significantly important and costly to be ignored. Another problems are that most computer users have not enough knowledges about computer and network security (Kenneth C. Laudon, Jane P.Laudon, 2012). It might be result of lack of network policy of the organization or even not existence such a policy. Another problem is most of small business has limited fund to keep their own IT specialist or to have some IT companies on the side. All these problems stated above have impact on the business securities and can reduce companys ability to ensure confidentiality, authenticity and data integrity. Main research question and Sub questions Main research question: What are the key aspects and impact of the current network security policy of small and mid enterprise and what recommendation could be made to make the policy effective? Sub questions What are key defining factors of a Network security? What are key defining factors of a Network security for SME? What are challenges in Network Security? What recommendations to SME? What recommendations to any general SMEs? Plan of work 1. Written project proposal (draft) 18th January 2013 2. Written project proposal (final) 25th January 2013 3. Information and data collection 2nd February 2013 4. Analysis of the information collected 9th February 2013 5. Final writing of the dissertation February 2013 6. Submission Before deadline March 2013 Chapter summary Network security has become an essential need for any organization. The security issues and threats are increasing everyday and making high speed broadband weather wired or wireless insecure and less reliable. Working out the weak sides of the network security and improving the security policy and procedures are most important things towards which every owner or manager of small business must pay their attention (Spivey, 2007). This dissertation aims to help a small business to improve or alleviate that burden and network issues what they face in everyday base. Chapter 2. Preliminary literature review Chapter introduction This chapter will provide the collection of information and critical literature review which was collected and examined for the purpose of the study. Information mostly related to the network security issues and to the main and sub-questions question of this dissertation. The review gathered information regarding past and current network security management issues and highlighted nowadays security trends in wired and wireless network. Background of the Network security The computer security problem has the same age as the computer itself. Even in early 1950s the necessity of proper hardware-based protection already recognized. ( Karl Maria Michael de Leeuw, Jan Bergsta, 2007). But that was a time when everything could be controlled physically and have not had that complexity. Later the Internet took a birth on 1969 by Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANet) which was accredited by USA Department of Defence (DoD). ARPANet was successful from the beginning and in two years it had 15 nodes (23 hosts) and the e-mail application was invented. Despite of the fact that originally it was designed for the research purposes and was aimed to allow scientist to share their data and access remote computers, electronic mail quickly becomes one of the most popular application. This gives for ARPANet to become a high-speed digital office of that time, where people could collaborate on their research projects and have a discussion various interests and t opics. On October 1972 the International Conference on Computer Communications at the Washington DC formed International Network Working Group (INWG) which main role was to identify the needs for a combined effort in advancing networking technologies and Vinton Cerf appointed first Chairman who becomes known as Father of the internet (Hobbes, 2012). In 1982 the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) TCP/IP, as the protocol suite, were established for ARPANET and it was first time when all computers in the network were presented as a collection of networks or Internet. Shortly in 1984 as the number of hosts becomes more than 1,000 it becomes more complicated to remember each host address. Therefore the Domain Name Service (DNS) was presented the main purpose of which was to translate the numeric computer addresses presented as173.194.34.132 into understandable host name www.google.com. In 20 years the number of Internet hosts broke 1,000,000 and in this time period the Internet users already have faced with accidentally-propagated status-message virus in 1980, Internet worm which has affected ~6,000 of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet in 1988, and presented many different network protocols such as DNS, DHCP, UUCP, NNTP. It also have connected the Europe and North and South America continents (Hobbes, 2012 ). Starting from 1990s the Internet becomes available to the public. The main reason the World Wide Web (WWW) protocol was introduced and become more popular. First Internet browsers Netscape and Microsoft were competing by that time. Since then the Internet has become the source of threats for network security and any business network face constant threats from various types of viruses, worms, malware and spyware software and more. Design and achieving plans and network policies for network security for small business requires big effort to protect the business from these threats. Although numbers of studies were carried and information security law in operation we still facing new threats and it cannot be overcome by single and simple action. Below the key defining factors, challenges and main security factors will be reviewed. Key defining factors for Network security Regarding the key factors of network security different sources has controversial and different opinions and views. Depends on the place and auditorium where the survey was conducted this factors are different. The information security breaches survey in UK conducted by PwC with association InfoSecurity Europe, Reed Exhibitions and BIS in April 2012 find out interesting facts. According to this survey report up to 76% of small business had security breaches, 54% of small business dont have any plans or programme for improving or educating their staff about the security risks. The same time controls are not keeping same pace with business changes and most of SMBs (56%) did not carry out and checked their external providers security and just relaying on contracts. The same time 52% of SMB depends on social networking sites. The tendency to move towards mobile technology poses another risk and threats. As this is nowadays requirement almost 34% of SMB allows mobile devices to connect to their systems without insuring or mitigating the security risks. More than half (58%) SMBs in the UK even not trying to evaluate the network security effectiveness. Another key factor was the staff network security awareness. Nearly 45% of the staff were not informed or had lack or small information. (PwC, Infosecurity Europe, Reed Exhibitions, BIS, 2012). Almost the same percentage (48%) the network security awareness have resulted another survey which was conducted by GFI Software (GFI, 2007) Everything what was said above has relation only to the additional factors which can improve and help to build robust and secure network. Except that we should take in our account other key factors which might bring more tangible and intangible harms to SMB.

Free-Will Defense Essay -- essays research papers

Free-Will Defense   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Free Will Defense is an attempted solution to the problem of moral evil. Human beings are gifted with free will by God as a condition for genuine morality, trust, love, and the like, though it also makes possible the introduction of moral evil into the world. There are various questions that are asked with the question of God. Many ask questions like- why did God give humans the ability of free will knowing that they will abuse it? Is free will a condition for real humanhood? Could God have made us free and unable to sin? These questions that are frequently asked are left unanswered. People believe all different things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Bible, the first humans made were Adam and Eve, and God gave them free will. Adam and Eve abused their free will, so sin made its way into the world. Everyone after Adam and Eve has inherited the effects of the Fall, including a loss of free will. At least with the first human beings free will was a condition of real human good, though it also meant the possibility of sin. Leaving the question of Adam and Eve’s fall and its consequences for their descendants, this view is basically what is currently called the Free-Will Defense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An American Philosopher Alvin Platinga also believes in the idea. He says how there may be a different kind of good that God cannot bring to us without permitting evil. If there is no evil, then how can good be deter...